Areca nut cultivation technology Areca nut harvesting and processing

I believe everyone is very interested in the cultivation technology of betel nut. Let me introduce this issue to you.

[Warning] Betel nut is a Class 1 carcinogen on the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer list of carcinogens. Chewing betel nut can increase the risk of oral cancer.

Cultivation technology of betel nut

1. Site selection and land preparation for betel nut

It is advisable to choose areas without low temperatures and moist, loose and fertile soil. For areas with large slope changes, terraces with a row spacing of 3 meters can be opened around the mountain. The terraces face the slope and have an inclination angle of about 15°. Dig holes with a spacing of 2 meters 1 to 2 months before planting. Allow the soil to weather fully. The hole is 50 cm wide and 40 cm deep, and 10 kg of soil fertilizer or manure is applied to each hole.

Betel nut Figure 3 is used as base fertilizer, and the topsoil is returned to fill the hole at the same time. In addition, fast-growing airplane grass or legumes can be planted between the rows for temporary shade, which can inhibit weed growth and maintain soil moisture.

2. Betel nut breeding method

(1) The mother trees should be 15 to 30 years old, bear fruit normally without diseases and insect pests, bear at least 300 fruits per plant, have at least 3 fruit trays, have more than 8 leaves, and have short internodes on the upper part of the stem. Generally, fruits from the second or third tray are suitable for seeding. Mature fruits are preferably oval or elliptical, and golden yellow is the best when ripe.

(2) Germination production areas mostly use the pile germination method. After the fruit is picked, it is dried for 1 to 2 days and 1/4 of the peel is cut off. Then the seeds are piled on the selected ground. The thickness of the pile is generally less than 20 cm. If there are many seeds, a pedestrian path should be left every 1 to 1.2 meters to facilitate watering, inspection and other management work. After the pile is completed, it is covered with a layer of straw to keep warm. After 15 to 20 days, the germination status is checked every 7 to 8 days, and the germinated seeds are picked out for breeding.

Figure 5 of Areca nut seedlings. The average daily temperature of the seedbed should be lower than 36.1℃. The maximum daily temperature should be lower than 36.5℃. If the temperature exceeds the above, the fruit may rot.

(3) Seedling cultivation

① Nutrient bag seedling raising Nutrient bag is made of plastic film with a length of 25 cm and a width of 18 cm. There are 4 small holes under the bag for ventilation and water permeability. The nutrient soil is mixed with topsoil and decomposed cow dung in a ratio of 1:1, occupying 4/5 of the bag, and then river sand is filled to fill the bag to prevent the surface soil from becoming compacted. Put 1 seed in each bag, drench it with water, and keep it moist.

② For seedling raising in seedbeds, choose loose and fertile sandy loam or loam near water sources as the seedling raising ground. After plowing and harrowing, apply manure or pond mud as base fertilizer and mix it with the soil to make ridges. The ridges are 4 to 5 meters long, about 1 meter wide, and 12 to 15 cm high. Spread a 4 cm layer of fine sand on the ridge surface. Dig holes with a row spacing of 20 cm × 30 cm, and plant 1 seed in each hole. When the first leaflet unfolds, apply thin human feces or ammonium sulfate, 1 to 2 times a month, and weed and cultivate the soil 3 to 4 times a year.

Betel nut picture 6 times.

③ Planting Areca seedlings After about one year of growth, they are 50-60 cm tall and can be planted when they have 5-6 leaves. Hainan is planted in spring from February to March or autumn from August to October, and Yunnan is planted in May to June, when it is warm and rainy. It is best to plant on a cloudy day and water thoroughly 1-2 days before planting. When planting, remove the nutrient bag, cover with grass, water enough to root, and keep shade and soil moist.

3. Betel nut field management

(1) Young trees should be weeded 2 to 4 times a year and the soil should be cultivated.

(2) Topdressing should be mainly organic fertilizer, with chemical fertilizers in combination. Fertilize once every quarter within 3 years during the young stage. Dig holes or trenches outside the crown and apply fertilizer alternately in four directions. Apply about 5 kg of human feces or 25-50 kg of ammonium sulfate per plant each time, mixed with 5 kg of green manure, and cover with soil and water. After the third age, fertilize once in spring and autumn each year before flowering and fruiting. Apply 10 kg of green manure or stable manure per plant each time, mixed with 100-150 g of ammonium sulfate and 150-250 g of superphosphate. Flowering and fruiting trees should be fertilized once in March and October each year. Apply 10 kg of green manure or stable manure per plant each time, add 100-150 g of urea, 250-500 g of superphosphate, and 100-150 g of potassium chloride.

(3) Irrigation and drainage: Areca nut prefers a humid environment, but avoid waterlogging to prevent root rot.

(4) Shade: Three years after planting, betel nut is in its juvenile stage and needs shade to keep moisture.

Add fertilizer to the betel nut to ensure its healthy growth.

Areca nut pests and diseases and their control

(1) Leaf spot diseases mainly include the following: Phyliosticta arecae Diedecke., Polysporus leaf spot

(2) Fruit rot (Hyalodendron sp.) and (Fusarium sp.) cause the green fruit stalk to rot brown, leading to fruit drop. Prevention and treatment are the same as above.

(3) Fruit ear blight (Colletotri chum gloeosporioides Penz.) harms fruit ears and fruits. Control methods: remove fallen fruits and leaves and burn them in a centralized manner. Use anthracnose, fumei and polymyxin spray to control the disease during the period of young and green fruit.

(4) Root rot (Phytophthora sp.) harms seedlings. Prevention and control methods: Control soil moisture; irrigate roots with 800-1000 times diluted 50% carbendazim wettable powder during the outbreak period; remove diseased plants immediately and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

(5) Red-veined spike moth (Tirathaba rufivena Walker.) is a major pest of betel nut. Control methods: Clean the garden, apply 3% furandan granules 0.25 kg/plant in combination with fertilization in March and April in spring, apply it at the root zone and dig a half-circle trench about 10 cm deep, and cover and compact it with soil, or spray twice in April and May and August and September, using 100 times diluted Bt emulsion plus 3% neem oil or 100 times diluted Bt emulsion plus 10% 10 mg/L of 10% cypermethrin emulsion for spraying.

Betel nut harvesting and processing

1. Harvest is generally divided into two periods. The first period is 11-12

In April, green fruits are harvested and processed into dried betel nuts. The best quality betel nuts are those that are long oval or oval, with persistent calyx on the stem, and have immature slender seeds inside when cut open. The second period is from March to June when ripe fruits are harvested and processed into betel nut jade. The best quality betel nut nuts are those that are round or oval, orange-yellow or bright red, and have plump seeds inside when cut open.

2. Processing

(1) The ripe fruits are dried in the sun for 1-2 days, then slowly dried in a stove with dry firewood. After about 7-10 days, they are taken out and cooled. The fruits are smashed and the langyu are dried in the sun for another 1-2 days. Generally, 100 kg of fresh fruits can be processed into 17-19 kg of langyu.

(2) Pick the green fruits and remove the branches. Then put the fruits in a pot, add water and boil for about 30 minutes. Take them out and dry them. Then put them in a stove and bake them with wet firewood. Stir them once every 2 to 3 days. Flip them twice. After about 8 to 10 days, use a wooden stick to insert it from the top to the bottom layer. If it goes in once, it means that the bottom layer is dry. Take it out and it will become betel nut. Generally, 100 kg of fresh fruits can be roasted to get 20 to 25 kg.

(3) Cut the ripe fruit in half lengthwise, peel off the peel, dry it in the sun, and loosen and dry it.

(4) Areca nut flowers are made by drying the unopened male flowers. The best ones are earthy yellow or light green.