Mushroom pest control technology

In the process of mushroom production, if we find that mushrooms have diseases or pests, if we do not take timely prevention and control measures, the consequences may be very serious. So today I will tell you about the methods of disease and pest control of mushrooms:

1. Harm caused by bacteria:

There are many fungi growing on shiitake mushrooms, mainly Trichoderma, Penicillium, Mucor, etc.

1. Trichoderma: Trichoderma, also known as green mold, is widely distributed in various plant residues, soil and air. Trichoderma spreads through spores, often using airflow, water droplets, insects, raw materials, tools, operators' hands, clothes, etc. as media to invade the culture medium. Once the conditions are suitable, it will germinate and reproduce to cause harm. When the production environment is not clean, the culture medium is not sterilized thoroughly, the inoculation operation is not strict, and it is under high temperature and high humidity conditions, it creates a good opportunity for Trichoderma to infect, especially in mushroom farms and old mushroom houses that have been around for many years, which are often places where Trichoderma is rampant.

Among all the fungi that harm the growth of shiitake mushrooms, Trichoderma poses the greatest threat. Trichoderma has strong adaptability and fast reproduction speed. It can secrete toxins to inhibit the growth of shiitake mushroom mycelium. Trichoderma can grow on the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms with weakened growth potential, causing the shiitake tissue cells to dissolve and die. Trichoderma can grow in the range of 4 to 42°C. The spores germinate in a high humidity environment. When invading the shiitake mushroom culture medium, they are white cotton-like in the early stage and turn green in the later stage. If the strain is harmed by Trichoderma, it must be scrapped, even if the strain is slightly susceptible to the disease.

2. Streptomyces: Also known as chain spores. It is fluffy, white or gray in the early growth stage, and pink or yellow in the later growth stage. When a large number of conidia are piled up in a mass, the appearance is similar to the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus. Chain spores are mainly spread by conidia and are the most important fungus in the hot season. Chain spores are tenacious and have the characteristics of rapid reproduction. Once a large-scale outbreak occurs, it will be a disaster, and the consequence is that the strains, culture bags or culture blocks are scrapped in batches. Therefore, prevention must be the priority, and prevention and control must be combined.

3. Mucor: Mucor is also called black mold and long-hair mold. The hyphae are white at the beginning, and then grayish white to black, indicating that the spore sacs are mature in large numbers. The fungus is everywhere in soil, feces, grass and air. The incidence rate is high under conditions of high temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation. The growth rate is significantly higher than that of shiitake mushroom hyphae, and the mycelium of Mucor can extend about 3 cm per day. When Mucor infects during the culture of shiitake mushroom mycelium, it spreads quickly and can cover the substrate within a few days, while the affected mycelium of shiitake mushrooms grows slowly and has difficulty. Although it can eventually reach all parts of the substrate, the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms is no longer the normal thick white, but grayish yellow. The main reasons for the occurrence are that moldy raw materials are used in the substrate, the inoculation environment contains many Mucor spores, and the mycelium is cultured in a stuffy and humid environment, etc.

Bacteria control:

① The culture medium is first fermented in a pile, and the biological heat produced by a variety of high-temperature microorganisms is used to kill pests and low-temperature fungi, thereby reducing pollution sources.

② Rapid bagging and sterilization. The prepared culture medium is slightly acidic, which is suitable for the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms, so it should be packed within 5 hours as much as possible, and the temperature should be raised to 100°C within 4-6 hours during sterilization.

③ Cooling and ventilating the culture room can reduce the contamination of foreign bacteria and improve the inoculation yield. To prevent the contamination of Trichoderma, the inoculated bags can be cultured at 16℃ first. At this time, the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms can grow, while the spores of Trichoderma are difficult to germinate and the mycelium grows slowly (the optimum temperature for the growth of Trichoderma mycelium is 25-30℃). After the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms grows to a certain extent on the surface of the culture medium, the temperature is gradually increased and finally cultured at 25℃ until the mycelium fills the whole bag. If cultured at 25℃ from the beginning, it is conducive to the growth of Trichoderma mycelium, but the contamination rate of foreign bacteria is high.

④ For locally contaminated fungus bags, 20% formaldehyde solution or 5% carbolic acid can be injected to control the spread of the contaminated points. For the prevention and control of slugs and termites, refer to the prevention and control methods of log cultivation. For the prevention and control of springtails, 0.1% dichlorvos mixed with a small amount of honey can be used to lure and kill them during the fruiting period, or 0.1% dervine extract or 150-200 times pyrethrum solution can be sprayed.

2. Pests:

Common pests include mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom flies, mites, slugs, springtails, termites, etc.

1. Mushroom flies: Both adults and larvae like to feed on damp, rotten, and smelly food, and have strong chemotaxis and decay-attraction. They can feed on mycelium and fruiting bodies. ① They can enter the mushroom house with the culture medium, or with the ventilation of the mushroom house. The mushroom fragrance and rotten mushroom smell in the mushroom house are very attractive to mushroom flies. Mushroom flies have a very strong reproductive capacity, and a female fly can lay 300 eggs. Mushroom flies are harmful as larvae. They damage mycelium in the culture medium, invade the stem from the base, and eat the fruiting body. In severe cases, the entire mushroom body is eaten into a sponge-like state.

Prevention and control: Different methods should be used for mushroom flies at different times. Before fruiting, there are a large number of maggots. You can use dichlorvos at a rate of 0.90 kg/100 square meters for fumigation, and spray 0.15 kg of 1% potassium chloride or sodium chloride solution (5% salt water can be used instead) on each culture block; after fruiting, if there are maggots, you can spray low-toxic pesticides such as dervine essence, cypermethrin, and nicotine. (Nicotine can be made by yourself: take 0.50 kg of tobacco stems, add 5 kg of water, boil it, and then take the solution and spray it). In addition, ventilation should be strengthened, and the temperature and humidity in the shed should be adjusted to worsen the living environment of pests, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing and controlling their damage.

2. Mushroom mosquito:

Mushroom mosquitoes like to reproduce in a damp and dirty environment. The mycelium of shiitake mushroom fungi is one of the best food for mushroom mosquitoes. Its main way of harm is to bite the mycelium, destroy the normal growth of the mycelium, cause the mycelium to weaken or die, and at the same time create good conditions for the infiltration of other bacteria, so that some competitive bacteria can reproduce in large quantities on the damage spots of mushroom mosquitoes and produce antibiotics, causing diseases and further destroying the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms, causing a vicious cycle of harm. In addition, springtails, mites, nematodes, etc. also take the opportunity to reproduce in large quantities in the bite spots of mushroom mosquitoes, aggravating the degree of harm. The combined harm of insects and diseases causes the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms to self-dissolve, the culture medium to loosen, and black water to flow. It is observed that the larvae of mushroom mosquitoes become hardened pupae after 2-3 weeks of damage in artificial mushroom wood, and the pupae will emerge as adults and fly out after 3-7 days. Adults lay eggs soon after mating, and each female lays about 10-300 eggs. The special smell produced by the damaged mushroom segments has a strong attraction to the adult mushroom mosquitoes, so the mushroom mosquitoes will often return to the diseased spots to lay eggs, causing the next generation to harm the shiitake mushrooms.

Prevention and control: ① Clean up the waste culture materials in time. During the process of mushroom harvesting, the discarded mushroom wood should be picked out and piled up in time. After the harvesting, all the mushroom wood should be removed from the racks and bags immediately, piled up in a centralized manner, and the mushroom shed should be thoroughly cleaned. The waste pile should be far away from the place where the next batch of mushroom wood will be fermented. Sprinkle 50% lime water in the pile for disinfection, then spray 200 times dichlorvos solution on the pile surface and cover it with plastic film, which can not only promote the fermentation and maturity of the waste, but also kill insects and sterilize. The waste can be used as organic fertilizer for field crops after being piled up for more than 40 days.

② Keep the outside of the mushrooming site and the fruiting site clean. Before stacking, the mushrooming site and mushroom shed (including the artificial mushroom wood stacking site and the surrounding environment) must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with lime powder or bleaching powder. The mushroom wood should be sparsely arranged, the pile should be turned in time, holes should be pierced for ventilation, and management should be strengthened to improve the mushroom wood's own resistance to diseases and insects.

③ Correctly master the methods of preventing and controlling mushroom mosquitoes. Our county mainly uses four methods of spraying, injection, digging and trapping to prevent and control mushroom mosquitoes.

④ Spraying is the key measure to kill mushroom mosquitoes. Spraying can kill adults in time and greatly reduce the amount of eggs laid by adults. To kill adults, you can use the mushroom-specific insecticide Mushroom Insecticide, which has both contact and stomach poisoning effects and a long-lasting effect. Generally, spraying once before puncturing holes for ventilation and once again when peeling the bag (except for flower mushrooms) can effectively prevent adults from laying eggs again.

⑤ For the mushroom mosquito larvae that cause harm in the tube bag, you can use 300 times dichlorvos solution to inject the lesions, inject 0.5-1 ml per centimeter of diameter, but do not overdose.

⑥ Dig out the diseased spots, remove all the black sawdust and then apply lime water. At the same time, burn or bury the removed sawdust from the diseased spots in time.

⑦ According to the tendency of mushroom mosquitoes to old disease spots, select some mushroom woods that are more seriously damaged by mushroom mosquitoes in the artificial mushroom wood stacking site as bait, apply a small amount of 3% furadan granules in the tube, and attract mushroom mosquitoes to lay eggs and then kill them in a centralized manner.

3. Mites:

Mites include red spiders and fungus lice. They mainly occur in manure, feed and culture medium, chicken coops, livestock houses, grain warehouses or places with poor environmental conditions and rich humus, where there are often a large number of mites. Mites are very small and are often ignored in the early stages of their occurrence. Once they break out, they can easily lead to a disaster. Mites can cause harm at all stages of shiitake mushroom production, feeding on shiitake mushroom mycelium and fruiting bodies. After the culture medium is infested with mites, the spawn blocks at the inoculation site will not germinate or the mycelium will be sparse and dull in appearance after germination, and will gradually shrink. In severe cases, the mycelium in the culture medium will be completely eaten up, causing cultivation failure.

Prevention and control: Improving the environmental sanitation of the culture site can effectively prevent the occurrence of mites. For the culture room with mites, fumigate with dichlorvos and other drugs before re-use to kill mites. During the mycelium culture, spraying 1000 times dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or 500 times dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane has a better effect. It is not advisable to use drugs during the fruiting body cultivation, otherwise the mushroom body is prone to drug damage, which is harmful to human health after consumption.

For pests such as snails and slugs, they can be killed manually in the early morning or evening. For termites, 60% arsenic acid (arsenic acid, arsenic trioxide, and realgar) and 40% talcum powder or a mixed powder of 46% arsenic acid, 15% salicylic acid, and 5% iron oxide can be applied on ant tunnels and ant nests for prevention and control.