Eggplant planting and cultivation technology

Today I will introduce to you the eggplant planting and cultivation techniques:

1. Selection of excellent varieties

Due to the late start of eggplant breeding, Beijing currently lacks varieties specifically for protected areas. The variety with the largest planting area is Beijing Seven-Leaf Eggplant. It is characterized by medium-early maturity and strong growth potential, and is suitable for early-maturing cultivation in protected areas and open fields. Its fruit is dense and of good quality, which conforms to the consumption habits in Beijing. After being purified and rejuvenated by the Beijing Vegetable Research Center, the plant shape of this variety is neat and compact, the leaves are dark green, the fruit is shiny purple-black, and the commercial performance is very good.

2 Cultivate strong seedlings

The eggplant seedling raising period in Beijing is in the low temperature season. It is generally required to raise seedlings in a heated greenhouse or solar greenhouse with ground heat wires, and transplant seedlings to the solar greenhouse when two true leaves grow out. 2.1 Preparation of nutrient soil The seedbed absorbs a large amount of water and minerals from the bed soil per unit area due to the high sowing density; in addition, the root system is dense, and its respiration has strict requirements on oxygen, so the nutrient soil of the seedbed must be well-ventilated and contain various nutrients required for seedling growth. Generally, 5 parts of fertile garden soil, 4 parts of decomposed horse manure, and 1 part of slag are taken. In addition, 2kg of diammonium phosphate is added per cubic meter, fully mixed, crushed, and sieved to make bed soil. ? Bed laying: The area of ​​the seedbed for each acre of land is 1.5m2. The method of bed laying is to first lay a layer of heavy clay soil, rake it flat and compact it, and then lay 3 to 5cm of nutrient soil on it, then water it thoroughly, evenly sow the germinated seeds on the bed, and then cover it with 1cm thick nutrient soil. A small arch shed is built on the bed surface and covered with ground film, which can not only retain moisture but also help to increase the temperature and promote emergence of seedlings.

2.2 Seed treatment Eggplant seeds can be soaked in warm water or treated with chemicals to achieve the purpose of disinfection. The method is to put the seeds in 55 ℃ water and stir continuously until it cools to room temperature, or treat them with 1000 times potassium permanganate solution for 15 to 20 minutes. The soaking time of eggplant seeds is 10 to 12 hours. It is required to rub the seeds continuously to remove the mucus to accelerate water absorption and respiration and promote germination. After soaking, wash them with clean water, drain them, and then germinate them.

2.3 Germination Wrap the seeds in a clean wet cloth and place them in a place with a temperature of 28-30℃ for germination. If a variable temperature treatment is adopted, with 16 hours of 30℃ and 8 hours of 20℃ alternating every day, the germination will be neat and strong.

2.4 Management during the seedling stage After sowing, keep the seedbed sealed and warm, try to increase the temperature of the seedbed to promote emergence. After 80% of the seedlings have emerged, open the mulch to ventilate, reduce the temperature and humidity, and prevent the occurrence of damping-off disease. Eggplant is prone to emerge with a cap. You can use a sprayer to wet the seed shell in the evening to let the seedlings take off the cap at night. You can also sprinkle a layer of fine soil evenly when the seeds arch the soil, which can prevent them from emerging with a cap and prevent air leakage caused by the emergence of the seedlings. During the seedling stage, the daytime temperature should be maintained at 25-28℃, and the nighttime temperature should be 15-18℃. When two true leaves grow, the seedlings can be transplanted. One day before transplanting, water the seedbed thoroughly.

2.5 Preparation of seedling beds and seedling separation The preparation of seedling soil is the same as the preparation of nutrient soil for seeding beds. The thickness of seedling bed soil is 8-10cm to ensure the root system's need for nutrients and air during the entire seedling period. The seedling density is 8-10cm square. In recent years, nutrient pots have been widely used in eggplant seedlings, which can effectively protect the root system and facilitate operation, management and transportation. Eggplant seedlings are more suitable for nutrient pots with a diameter of 10cm. Put the nutrient soil into the pot, use your finger to poke a hole in the center, plant the seedling in the hole, and then seal the hole and water it thoroughly.

2.6 Management during the seedling stage After transplanting, a small arch shed is built on the bed surface to increase the temperature, restore root growth as soon as possible, and promote seedling aging. Generally, growth can be restored in 5 to 7 days. After that, the seedlings enter the flower bud differentiation stage. It is required to lower the temperature appropriately to promote flower bud differentiation. The daytime temperature is maintained at 25 to 27°C and the night temperature is around 15°C.

Seedbed water management: The principle is to meet the seedlings' need for water. Do not water too much, nor control the water too much. Observe the growth of the seedlings and the moisture of the topsoil and make appropriate arrangements. When the topsoil is dry and the seedlings wilt slightly at noon, water appropriately in the morning on a sunny day. When the seedlings grow normally, the principle is to keep the bed surface dry and wet.

2.7 Fertilization management: If the bed soil has sufficient organic fertilizer and the seedlings grow normally, topdressing is generally not required. If the seedlings are found to be light green and thin, you can use warm water to dissolve potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea in a 1:1 ratio to make a 0.5% solution and spray it with a spray bottle, then spray it again with clean water to prevent leaf burns.

2.8 Hardening of seedlings: 10 days before planting, water the seedbed thoroughly once, cut the seedlings into pieces on the second day, move the seedling pieces, and start drying them. When the surface of the pieces is dry, sprinkle fine moist soil on the pieces and the gaps between the pieces to store the seedlings. For seedlings in nutrient pots, just move the nutrient pots to cut off the roots extending out of the pots. After the roots of the seedlings have healed, gradually increase the ventilation, cool down and remove moisture, and exercise the seedlings to enhance the adaptability of the seedlings.

3. The time for covering the greenhouse in Beijing is early March, and the planting period is the end of March. Start land preparation 10-15 days after covering the greenhouse. It is required to apply 5000-10000kg of high-quality decomposed basal fertilizer, 50kg of superphosphate, and 100kg of cake fertilizer per mu. First smash the organic fertilizer, and then turn it into the soil in combination with land preparation. Open the planting furrow 2 days before planting, with a row spacing of 60cm and a furrow depth of 15-20cm.

Planting: It should be done in the morning on a sunny day. Select strong seedlings and plant them at a density of 30cm. The roots should not be buried too deep in the soil, and it is better to be flush with the seedlings. Water the ditch after planting. The amount of water should not be too large, so as to avoid the ground temperature dropping and affecting the seedlings.

4 Field management

4.1 Temperature Management No ventilation or less ventilation within one week after planting to increase the ground temperature and promote seedling growth. After the seedlings resume growth, proper ventilation and cooling should be carried out to prevent the seedlings from growing too long and keep the seedlings solid and the leaves dark purple. After entering the fruiting period, with the increase of external temperature and watering amount, the ventilation volume should be increased.

4.2 Water and fertilizer management: Water once a week after planting, i.e. water for slowing down the seedlings. In the future, control the water and slow down the seedlings to promote the development of the root system. When most of the eggplants begin to swell, stop slowing down the seedlings and apply a small amount of quick-acting fertilizer in combination with watering to accelerate fruiting. After the eggplants are harvested, the ridges can be sealed, and 20kg of diammonium phosphate or 50kg of decomposed chicken manure can be applied in combination with sealing the ridges. After entering the harvest period, due to the increase in temperature and ventilation, water management should be strengthened to increase yields.

4.3 Loosen the soil in time after the seedlings have grown to increase the root temperature. After the eggplants are harvested, seal the furrows. Seal the original planting furrows to form small ridges, and dig watering furrows between the rows.

4.4 Preserving flowers and fruits The humidity in the greenhouse is high, the ventilation is poor, and it is not easy to pollinate. Therefore, hormone treatment must be used to ensure fruit setting. Generally, 20-30 mg/kg of 2,4-D is used to apply to the stigma or spray the flowers. Once a day, it cannot be repeated.

5. Harvesting eggplants is easy to cause vines to fall, so they should be harvested early to promote plant growth and development of the eggplants.

6. Pest and disease control The main disease of eggplant in protected areas is Verticillium wilt. Crop rotation should be carried out. Grafting of eggplant can be adopted for plots with serious diseases. Common rootstocks are red eggplant and torubbam. The main pests of eggplant are red spider mites, tea yellow mites and aphids. Insect inspection should be strengthened, and pesticide control should be carried out as early as possible in the early stage of tea yellow mites. 70% cypermethrin EC 3000 times diluted or 20% cypermethrin EC 2000 times diluted can be used for spraying control. For the damage of aphids and red spiders, 40% dimethoate EC 800 times diluted can be used for spraying control.