Disease and Pest Control in Flammulina velutipes Cultivation

Speaking of fungal vegetables, I guess everyone probably likes to eat Flammulina velutipes, which is really good, especially when eating hot pot. It is really a great vegetable. Today I will tell you about the prevention and control of pests and diseases in the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes:

(I) Several common fungal diseases

1. The pathogen of bacterial root rot is Enterobacter, Erwinia, rod-shaped, with flagella around. In the early stage of infection, white turbid droplets are leached from the surface of the culture medium and the mushroom cluster. The mushroom stems will rot quickly, turning from brown to maltose color, and finally dark brown, sticky and smelly. The fundamental reason for the root rot is that the water with bacteria is sprayed directly onto the mushroom body. Because the mushroom cluster is very dense, the surface area is large, and the respiration is very strong, the water cannot be dissipated in time, which generates heat. The pathogens will multiply and grow in large numbers under suitable temperature conditions, causing root rot. The main method of prevention and control is to prohibit spraying water onto the mushroom body. Once the disease occurs, it should be harvested immediately and the mushroom bed should be sprayed with 1‰ carbendazim.

2. Fungal contamination Fungi are the biggest enemy of Flammulina velutipes. The most serious damage to Flammulina velutipes in raw material cultivation in winter is caused by Trichoderma and Penicillium.

There are many types of Trichoderma, such as green Trichoderma, Conospore Trichoderma, and polysporous Trichoderma. It is easy to mix with Penicillium, and the appearance color is slightly different. The color of Penicillium infection is darker, blue-green, while the color of Trichoderma is light, mostly green or copper-green. After cultivation, under a microscope, the hyphae of Trichoderma have transverse septa, spread and grow, forming flat colonies. The hyphae are colorless, and the upright conidiophores extend upward. The conidiophores then branch into two opposite side branches, and finally form a stalk, and the top of the stalk has clusters of conidia. Once Trichoderma occurs on the mushroom bed, it will quickly extend to the fruiting body.

Penicillium is widely distributed in the natural environment and is very easy to infect. When conditions are suitable, the spores germinate into hyphae in 1-2 days and quickly develop into white mycelium. It is difficult to identify in the early stage until many green spores grow and irregularly shaped and unequally sized blue-green contaminated areas are seen on the surface of the culture medium. Once it occurs, it spreads very quickly. It often occurs after the first wave of mushrooms.

When mold contamination occurs on the mushroom bed, the culture medium with mold should be dug out as soon as possible. Strengthen the ventilation of the mushroom bed, and do not spray water on the mushroom body during the fruiting period to prevent the mushroom cluster from being infected with bacterial diseases and inducing mold growth due to the increase in bed temperature.

(II) Common pests: mosquitoes, flies and mites

These pests mostly occur in the late stage of production, because the temperature is low in the early stage of cultivation, and these pests are not easy to occur. The method of prevention and control is to spray some insecticides and miticides in the mushroom house in the late stage of production (when the temperature of the mushroom house is raised to above 18℃) as a preventive measure.

(III) Integrated pest and disease control measures

Understand the growth patterns of Flammulina velutipes and other fungi, and adopt a series of active ecological prevention and control measures.

1. Low temperature cultivation Almost all the spores, spores or dormant bodies of various fungi can only germinate at temperatures above 24°C. However, the mycelium of Flammulina velutipes grows well at low temperatures of 7-11°C. In addition, Flammulina velutipes is a low temperature fruiting fungus, so it has the conditions for low temperature cultivation. Low temperature cultivation is the most important means of preventing and controlling diseases and insect pests.

2. Low-humidity culture Flammulina velutipes mycelium can continue to grow under the condition of material-water ratio of 1:0.5~1:0.9. When the material-water ratio is 1:1~1:1.5, it grows faster and is not easy to be contaminated by other bacteria. When the material-water ratio reaches 1:2.1, the Flammulina velutipes mycelium stops growing and is completely contaminated by bacteria. This is because the culture medium has too much water, which dilutes the protoplasm concentration of the bacterial cells, reduces its resistance and makes it easy to be contaminated by bacteria. Secondly, too much water in the culture medium will cause insufficient air, inhibit the respiration of the mycelium, and cause the mycelium to age prematurely and be contaminated by bacteria. Therefore, when mixing the material, the material-water ratio should be controlled; during the growth of mycelium, the air humidity in the culture room should be suitable; during the fruiting period, do not spray water on the mushroom bed. These low-humidity culture measures can make the mycelium grow vigorously, the mushroom body grow strong, and the bacteria are controlled.

3. Add nutrients Wheat bran, corn flour, rice bran, etc. are not only good nutrients for the growth of Flammulina velutipes, but also very popular with various fungi. Some people believe that adding these nutrients, because they contain nutrients such as starch and soluble sugars, is easily used by fungi and often causes pollution. We believe that under the premise of low-temperature cultivation, increasing the amount of strains can make Flammulina velutipes occupy the mushroom bed in a short period of time in rich nutrients. Many experiments and production practices have proved that the culture medium with added grain nutrients has a higher survival rate than the pure cottonseed hull culture medium, and the mycelium occupies the bed faster. Note that the premise is low temperature. If the ambient temperature exceeds 15°C, do not add the above nutrients.