Common diseases of edible fungi and their prevention and control

In fact, eating fungus vegetables regularly is good for your health. Today, I will introduce to you the common diseases and prevention of edible fungi. Please remember to collect them. They are helpful:

1. Verrucosporium infection

1. Symptoms and rules Mainly harm oyster mushrooms, button mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, etc., and occur on mycelium and fruiting bodies. The most favorable period for the pathogen to infect is when the mycelium changes from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. If the buds are infected during the formation period, normal buds will not be seen, but a large number of deformed diseased mushrooms will appear 3 to 4 days in advance, and they cannot further differentiate into caps and stipes, and appear as hard puffball-like masses; if the young mushrooms are infected during the growth period, the caps of the diseased mushrooms will develop abnormally or stop, and the stipes will swell, deform, and deteriorate, showing various twisted and deformed shapes. In the later stage of the diseased mushrooms, the inside is hollow, and white fluffy hyphae grow on the caps and stipes, which then turn dark brown and rot, emitting a foul smell; if the fruiting bodies are infected in the middle and late stages of growth, many tumor-like protrusions will appear on the surface of the caps at the mildest, and white hairy hyphae will appear on the gills and the lower part of the stipes at the worst, gradually becoming blister-like, oozing water droplets, and brown rot and death.

2. Prevention and control methods ① Preventive measures. Use disease-resistant varieties, strictly disinfect the mushroom house, and carry out high-temperature composting and post-fermentation treatment on the culture medium. The covering soil should be disinfected with formaldehyde 5 to 6 days before use. The specific method is to use 200 ml of formaldehyde per cubic meter of soil, add 1 to 1.5 kg of water, spray it evenly on the soil, cover it with plastic film, seal and fumigate for 48 hours, then remove the soil and film to allow the residual formaldehyde to evaporate naturally, and the bed can be put on in 2 to 3 days. ② Management measures. When the disease first occurs, stop spraying water immediately, increase ventilation, reduce air humidity, and reduce the temperature to below 15℃; if the disease is serious, remove the diseased covering soil, replace it with new soil, burn the diseased mushrooms, and disinfect the tools with formaldehyde at any time. ③ Chemical control. After removing the diseased mushrooms, spray the bed surface with 25% carbendazim at 1:400 times or 65% mancozeb at 1:500 times; 1% to 2% formaldehyde solution can also be used for spraying. Carbendazim and Tecodol have strong killing effects on Verrucospora fungi.

2. Verticillium

1. Symptoms and rules It is also called brown spot disease of Verticillium, brown spot disease, dry bubble disease, and dry rot. Its symptoms are similar to those of Verrucosporium. When the fruiting body is infected in the early stage of growth, the cap and stipe are not differentiated, and only puffball-like masses are formed. However, in the later stage of the disease, juice will not ooze out of the mushroom mass, nor will it emit a foul odor. In the middle and late stages of fruiting body growth, the disease will first occur on the cap with many irregular brown spots the size of a needle, which will gradually expand and become concave and grayish white. Under humid conditions, white mold will grow on the lesions. When the stipe is infected, longitudinal brown stripes will form, and the base will become black, thick, and dry.

2. Prevention and control methods ① Carry out high temperature fermentation and secondary fermentation of the culture medium, treat the covering soil with chemicals, and pay attention to environmental hygiene. ② Prevent pests such as mushroom flies and mushroom mosquitoes from entering the mushroom house. To prevent artificial transmission, tools should be disinfected with formaldehyde solution. ③ Strengthen management, ventilate frequently, prevent high temperature and high humidity, and pay attention to ventilation after spraying water. When the disease occurs locally, remove the diseased mushrooms in time. ④ Chemical control. Use 1:500 times solution of carbendazim, or 1:800 times solution of 70% methyl thiophanate for local treatment of the diseased area. You can also use 2% formaldehyde solution or 1:500 times solution of 65% mancozeb wettable powder for local treatment.

3. Fusarium wilt

1. Symptoms and rules: It mainly harms Oyster mushrooms and button mushrooms, infecting young mushrooms. In the early stage, only the cap part becomes darker, stops growing, and the young mushrooms become soft. Then they gradually lose water and become "dead mushrooms" and wither. When the fruiting body is infected, the cap is small, the stipe is short, the pith shrinks and turns brown, and some whole mushrooms turn brown and dry. When it is humid, white velvety hyphae can be seen at the base of the stipe.

2. Prevention and control methods ① Carry out high-temperature composting and secondary fermentation of the culture medium, and sterilize the covering soil with steam or drugs. ② Mix the materials with chemicals. Mix the materials with 25% carbendazim or 50% benomyl, and the dosage is 0.2% of the dry material weight. ③ Chemical control. Spray copper ammonium solution (i.e. 1 part copper sulfate plus 1 part ammonium sulfate, and then dilute it 300 times and spray it) after the disease occurs. You can also spray benomyl or carbendazim at a concentration of 1:500.

4. Penicillosis

1. Symptoms and rules It harms almost all edible fungi, mainly contaminating the culture medium, and spreads rapidly to infect the fruiting bodies. It usually invades from the base of the stipe or the base of the ear of a healthy plant, causing yellow-brown rot symptoms, and spreads upward from the base. The diseased mushrooms stop growing and become soft and rotten. A green powdery mold layer grows at the rotten part, and there are velvety white hyphae on the edge of the mold layer.

2. Prevention and control methods ① Adjust the culture medium to be slightly salty, generally mix it with 1% to 2% of the dry weight of the culture medium with lime. ② Add 0.1% of 50% carbendazim when mixing the material. ③ Remove the Penicillium lumps on the culture medium in time, treat the contaminated area with chemicals, and apply lime paste.

5. Trichoderma disease

1. Symptoms and rules Almost all edible fungi are harmed. It mainly plunders nutrients and water in the culture medium and secretes toxins, which prevents the edible fungi from germinating after sowing, or even if they germinate, they cannot grow normally. If the mycelium is infected, the mycelium will subside, and the fruiting body will not or rarely form; if the fruiting body is diseased, it will stop growing, the base will rot and fall over, and a green mold layer will grow on the rotten part. In the early stage of Trichoderma, it is white and fluffy, similar to mushroom mycelium. After a few days, it will turn into a light green powdery mold layer, and then turn into dark green. The range will gradually expand, and re-infection will occur.

2. Prevention and control methods ① Choose disease-resistant varieties, increase the inoculation volume appropriately, and open or unpack the bags in time after the mycelium is fully grown, not too early or too late. ② Before cultivation, the culture medium should be treated with chemicals or fermented twice, and attention should be paid to environmental hygiene. Old mushroom houses or old production sites should be thoroughly cleaned and whitewashed, fumigated or sprayed for sterilization. ③ When Trichoderma is first discovered, it should be removed in time, and 1:500 times benlate solution should be sprayed on the infected area, lime paste should be applied, or a 1:1 mixture of carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl should be sprinkled.

6. Bacterial spot disease

1. Symptoms and rules Mainly harms Oyster mushrooms and mushrooms. The lesions are mostly seen on the surface of the cap and stipe. They start as pinhead-sized spots, light yellow in color, and gradually expand and become dark brown. The lesions are of uniform size and have neat edges. Mucus appears when wet, and forms a shiny bacterial film after drying. Some of the diseased spots heal to form irregular patches. The pathogen is infected but does not penetrate into the lower layer of the mushroom flesh.

2. Prevention and control methods ① Strengthen cultivation management, prevent high temperature and high humidity, appropriately reduce the number and amount of water spraying, and ventilate in time after spraying to avoid long-term water accumulation on the surface of the mushroom cap. ② Spray 1:600 ​​times calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder) solution in the early stage of the disease to inhibit the spread of pathogens. ③ Remove the diseased mushrooms as soon as possible in the mushroom house where the disease has occurred, and deal with them in time, while preventing human transmission to prevent re-infection.